Shoulder

The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. A fibrocartilaginous lip (glenoid labrum) deepens the fossa. The movements allowed by the shoulder include flexion (swinging forward), extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Elbow

The elbow is a hinge joint. The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus and the fovea capitis of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The movements permitted by the elbow are those of flexion and extension.

Proximal Radioulnar

The proximal radioulnar articulation is a pivot joint. The circumference of the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. The movements include pronation and supination.

Distal Radioulnar

The distal radioulnar articulation is a pivot joint between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius. The movements of the distal radioulnar joint are pronation and supination.

Wrist

The wrist is a condyloid joint. The scaphoid and lunate fossae on the distal end of the radius articulate with the scaphoid lunate bones. The movements allowed by the wrist are flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

ARTICULATIONS OF THE HAND

Intercarpal

These are gliding joints between the individual carpal bones. Very limited gliding movement is permitted at these joints.b. Carpometacarpal. The bases of the metacarpals are attached to the distal row of carpals. The trapezium, attached to the first metacarpal, is a special joint (saddle) which gives man an opposable thumb. The movements allowed by this joint are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. The joints between the carpus and the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones are gliding, and their movements are limited to slight flexion and extension.

Intermetacarpal

The bases of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones are connected with one another. The intermetacarpal joints permit only a slight gliding movement.

Metacarpophalangeal

The heads of the metacarpals are articulate with the proximal row of phalanges. They are condyloid joints. The movements allowed are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Interphalangeal

The joints between the phalanges are called interphalangeal. They are hinge-type joints. The movements of the phalanges are flexion and extension.

ARTICULATIONS OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE

Sternoclavicular

The sternoclavicular joint works with a sliding movement. It represents the articulation of the clavicle with the clavicular notch of the sternum and with the cartilage of the first rib. An articular disk of fibrocartilage is interposed between the clavicle and the sternum.

Acromioclavicular

The acromioclavicular joint also glides. It is the articulation between the acromial end of the clavicle and the medial edge of the acromion process of the scapula.

Movements of the Shoulder Girdle

The movements of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint are those of elevation, depression, protraction (forward), retraction (backward), and circumduction. The scapula at the acromioclavicular joint moves in a gliding manner.

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